Old Zhang akapedza basa rake rese paAerospace Materials Institute. Asati aenda pamudyandigere, nguva yaaifarira zvikuru yaive yekuendesa vadzidzi vake kuchitoro chekuchengetedza zvinhu kuti vaone zvinhu. Akasunungura bhaketi jena repurasitiki risina kuzvikudza, akatora chipunu cheupfu hwakatsetseka, hwakachena nechipunu chekuyedza, ndokuchikanda zvinyoro nyoro pasi pechiedza. Guruva rakagara zvishoma nezvishoma muchiedza, richipenya zvinyoro nyoro. "Musarerutsa upfu uhwu huchena," Old Zhang aigara achitswinya maziso ake. "Kuti ndege nemaroketi atinovaka zvinogona kumira mumamiriro ekunze ari mudenga dzimwe nguva zvinoenderana nekugona kwe 'upfu' uhwu.
"Upfu huchena" hwaakataura nezvahwo hwaiveupfu hwealumina. Zvinonzwika sezvisingawanzoitiki—hazvingonatsiriswi nebauxite here? Asi upfu hwealumina hunoshandiswa mundege hwakasiyana zvachose nealumina yemhando yeindasitiri. Kuchena kwayo kunosvika ma nine mana mushure me decimal point; saizi yayo yezvikamu inoyerwa mu nanometers nema micrometers; chimiro chayo—ingava mabhora, maflakes, kana tsono—zvose zvinonyatsofungwa. Mumashoko aLao Zhang, “Ichi ndicho chikafu chakanaka ‘chinowedzera calcium’ yemidziyo inorema yenyika.”
Nezvezvinogona kuitwa nezvinhu izvi mundege, kune mashandisirwo akawanda. Ngatitangei ne "zvakaoma" zvikuru—kupa ndege "nhumbi dzehondo." Ndezvipi zvinotyisa zvikuru zvechinhu chipi nechipi chinobhururuka mudenga, ingave ndege yevanhuwo zvavo kana ndege yehondo yehondo? Kupisa kwakanyanya uye kupera. Maburi einjini anotenderera nekumhanya kwakanyanya mumagasi eutsi pazviuru zvemadhigirii Celsius; simbi dzakajairika dzaizopfava nekunyunguduka kare kare. Zvekuita? Mainjiniya akauya nemhinduro yakanaka: kufukidza pamusoro pebanga nejira receramic rakakosha. Chinhu chikuru chechimiro chejira iri chinowanzova alumina powder.
Sei uchisarudza? Chekutanga, haipisi, ine poindi yekunyunguduka inodarika 2000 degrees Celsius, zvichiita kuti ive "sutu inodzivira kupisa" yakanaka. Chechipiri, yakaoma uye haipfeki, ichidzivirira mashizha kubva mukuputsika kweguruva mumhepo inomhanya. Zviri nani, nekugadzirisa saizi yezvikamu zveupfu hwealumina uye kuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu, porosity, kuomarara, uye kunamira kune substrate yesimbi yependi inogona kudzorwa. Sezvakataurwa nemumwe mushandi wepaworkshop achiseka, "Zvakafanana nekuisa layer ye ceramic sunscreen yepamusoro pama turbine blades - inodzivirira zuva uye haikwenyi." "Sunscreen" iyi inokosha sei? Inobvumira mashizha e turbine kushanda pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye pamadhigirii ese gumi tembiricha yeinjini inowedzera, kusundidzira kunowedzera zvakanyanya, nepo kushandiswa kwemafuta kuchiderera. Kune ndege dzinobhururuka makumi ezviuru zvemakiromita, kuchengetedza mafuta uye kuvandudzwa kwekushanda kwakanaka kwazvo. Kana thermal barrier coating iri "kushandiswa kwekunze," saka basa re alumina powder muzvinhu zvakasanganiswa ndiro "kuwedzera kwemukati."
Ndege dzemazuva ano, masateliti, uye maroketi anoshandisa zvakanyanya zvinhu zvakasanganiswa kuderedza huremu. Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi zvakagadzirwa ne resin zvine hutera—hazviparadzike, hazvikuvadzi kupisa kwakanyanya, uye hazvina kuoma zvakakwana. Nyanzvi dzesainzi dzakashandisa alumina powder, kunyanya nano-sizeupfu hwealumina, inoiswa mu resin zvakaenzana, semukanyiwa wekukanya. Kubatanidzwa uku kune mhedzisiro inoshamisa: kuomarara kwechigadzirwa, kuramba kupfeka, kuramba kupisa, uye kunyange kugadzikana kwehukuru hwechinhu zvose zvinovandudzika zvikuru.
Semuenzaniso, pasi pemakombi endege, zvimwe zvikamu zvemukati, uye kunyange zvimwe zvikamu zvemaumbirwo zvisingatakuri mutoro zvinoshandisa chinhu ichi chakasimbiswa nealumina. Izvi hazvingoiti kuti zvive zvakareruka uye zvakasimba chete asiwo zvinodzora simba, zvichivandudza kuchengetedzeka zvakanyanya. Chishandiso chakarurama chinotsigira pamasetiraiti, ayo anoda shanduko shoma yehukuru pasi pemamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya, zvakare nekuda kwechinhu ichi. Zvakafanana "nekuisa" skeleton mupurasitiki inochinjika, zvichiipa simba uye kuchinjika.
Upfu hweAlumina hune "hunyanzvi hwakavanzwa," hunokosha mumunda wemuchadenga—inodzivirira kupisa zvakanaka uye chinhu chinodzivirira kupisa kubva mumhepo.
Kana chitundumuseremusere chikapindazve mumhepo chichibva muchadenga, zvinoita sekunge chawira muchoto cheplasma chine madhigirii zviuru. Goko rekunze rekapusule rinopindazve rinofanira kunge riine jira rinodzivirira kupisa iro "rinozvipa roga kuti rive rakanaka kwazvo." Upfu hweAlumina hunoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvinodzivirira kupisa. Kana zvikabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu, zvinoumba jira receramic rakaoma, rine maburi, uye rinodzivirira zvakanyanya pamusoro. Rutivi urwu runopfuta zvishoma nezvishoma pakupisa kwakanyanya, ruchitakura kupisa uye ruchichengetedza tembiricha yemukamuri mukati menzvimbo yekupona kwevanofamba muchadenga kuburikidza nekushandisa kwaro. "Nguva dzese pandinoona kapusule inodzoka ichimhara zvakanaka, uye jira rekunze rezvinhu zvinodzivirira kupisa rakasviba, ndinofunga nezvemafomula ealumina atakagadzirisa kakawanda," akadaro mumwe mainjiniya mukuru anotarisira zvinhu zvinodzivirira kupisa. "Yakatsva, asi basa rayo rakaitwa zvakakwana."
Kupfuura aya ma "hardcore applications" epamberi,upfu hwealuminaZvakakoshawo "kuseri kwezviitiko." Semuenzaniso, mukugadzira zvikamu zvakarurama zvendege nemaroketi, akawanda ma alloys ane simba guru anofanira kupiswa. Munguva yekupiswa, zvikamu zvesimbi yeupfu zvinofanirwa kutsigirwa muchoto chinodziya zvakanyanya uchishandisa "shims" chaiyo kana "maplate ekupfura." Maplate aya anofanira kunge asingatsvedzi, asingakanganise, uye asinganamatire pachigadzirwa. Maplate ekupfura akagadzirwa ne alumina ceramic ine purity yakanyanya anova sarudzo yakanaka. Uyezve, mukugadzira nekupukuta kwezvimwe zvikamu zvakanyatsonaka, alumina micropowder ine purity yakanyanya ipurasitiki yekupukuta yakachengeteka uye inoshanda.
Ehe, chinhu chakakosha chakadaro hachigone kushandiswa zvisina hanya. Kuchena kwakakwana here? Kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvikamu zvakafanana here? Pane kuungana here? Kupararira kwakanaka here? Chiratidzo chega chega chinokanganisa mashandiro echigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Mumunda wendege, kunyangwe kukanganisa kudiki kunogona kutungamira kumhedzisiro yakaipa. Naizvozvo, kubva pakusarudza zvinhu zvakabikwa uye kugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa kusvika kumatekiniki ekushandisa, nhanho yega yega inoenderana nemitemo yakaoma, inoda kudiwa, yekudzora.
Wakamira mufekitori yemazuva ano yekuunganidza ndege, uchitarisa fuselage yakapfava ichipenya pasi pemwenje, unoona kuti iyi system yakaoma iri kubhururuka mudenga imhedzisiro yezvinhu zvisingaverengeki zvinoita sealumina powder, chimwe nechimwe chichiita basa rayo zvizere. Haiumbi furemu huru, asi inosimbisa chimiro; haipe simba guru, asi inodzivirira pakati pesystem yekufambisa; haisarudze zvakananga nzira, asi inoita kuti kubhururuka kuve kwakachengeteka.
Kubva pakuputira kunodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya kusvika kuzvinhu zvakasanganiswa zvakasimbiswa, uye kunyange zvikamu zvinodzivirira kupisa, kushandiswa kweupfu hwealuminaMumunda wemuchadenga, zvinhu zviri kuramba zvichidzika kusvika pakureruka, kwakasimba, uye kunodzivirira zvakanyanya kumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa. Mune ramangwana, nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvealumina zvine kuchena kwakanyanya uye maitiro akasiyana (akadai semawaya emagetsi nemashiti emagetsi), zvinogona kutamba mabasa asingatarisirwi mukutarisira kupisa, kupararira kwekupisa kwemidziyo yemagetsi, uye kunyange kugadzira munzvimbo chaiyo muchadenga.
Upfu uhu huchena, hwakanyarara uye hwakagadzikana, hune simba guru rinotsigira kuongorora denga kwevanhu. Hunotiyeuchidza kuti parwendo rwekuenda kunyeredzi, hatidi chete zviratidzo zvikuru nesimba rinokwira, asiwo aya "mapapiro asingaoneki" akanyarara uye akasimba anowedzera kushanda kwezvinhu zvepakutanga. Nguva inotevera paunotarisa ndege iri kubhururuka pamusoro kana kuona chiono chinoshamisa chekuburitswa kweroketi, ungayeuka kuti mukati memuviri iwoyo wesimbi nezvinhu zvakasanganiswa, mune "mweya muchena," unodzivirira kuchengetedzeka nekunaka kwendege yega yega.