Munguva pfupi yapfuura, ndakadya kudya kwemanheru nemumwe wandaidzidza naye wekare anoshanda pachikoro chekuongorora zvinhu zvemuchadenga. Takataura nezvemapurojekiti avo matsva, uye akanditaurira zvisinganzwisisike kuti, “Unoziva here kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvitsva zvatinonyanya kufarira izvozvi? Ungasazvitenda - ihupfu ihwohwo hunoita sejecha regirini rakatsetseka.” Achiona chiso changu chakavhiringidzika, akanyemwerera ndokuwedzera kuti, “Upfu hudiki hwegirini hwesilicon carbide, wakambozvinzwa here? Izvi zvingangove zvava kuda kukonzera shanduko diki mumunda wezvemuchadenga.” Kutaura chokwadi, pakutanga ndaive ndisina chokwadi: zvinhu zvinokwesha zvinowanzoshandiswa mukukuya mavhiri nekucheka madhisiki zvingabatana sei neindasitiri yezvemuchadenga ine hunyanzvi? Asi sezvaakatsanangura, ndakaona kuti paive nezvakawanda kupfuura zvandaifunga. Nhasi, ngatitaurei nezvenyaya iyi.
I. Kuziva "Chinhu Chinovimbisa" Ichi
Girini silicon carbide imhando yesilicon carbide (SiC). Kana ichienzaniswa ne common black silicon carbide, ine kuchena kwakanyanya uye tsvina shoma, ndosaka ine ruvara rwayo rwegirini rwakasiyana. Nezvekuti sei iri "micro-powder," zvinoreva saizi yayo diki kwazvo, inowanzova pakati pema micrometer mashoma uye makumi ema micrometer - inenge chikamu chimwe mugumi kusvika hafu yedhayamita yebvudzi remunhu. "Usarega kushandiswa kwayo pari zvino muindasitiri yekukwesha kukunyepedzera," akadaro mumwe wandinodzidza naye, "ine hunhu hwakanaka kwazvo: kuomarara kwakanyanya, kuramba kupisa kwakanyanya, kugadzikana kwemakemikari, uye kuwedzera kwekupisa kwakaderera. Hunhu uhwu hwakagadzirirwa nzvimbo yemuchadenga."
Gare gare, ndakaita tsvakiridzo ndikaona kuti izvi zvaiva zvechokwadi. Kuomarara kwe silicon carbide yegirini kwakafanana nedhaimani ne cubic boron nitride; mumhepo, inogona kutsungirira tembiricha yepamusoro inosvika 1600°C isina oxidizing; uye coefficient yayo yekuwedzera kwekupisa inongova chikamu chimwe muzvina kusvika chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chesimbi dzakajairika. Nhamba idzi dzingaita sedzakaoma zvishoma, asi mumunda wendege, uko zvinodiwa pakushanda kwezvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma, parameter yega yega inogona kuunza kukosha kukuru.
II. Kuderedza Huremu: Kutsvaga Zvikepe Zvemuchadenga Kusingaperi
"Kune zvendege, kuderedza huremu ndiyo nguva dzose inokosha," andegemainjiniya akandiudza. “Kirogiramu yega yega yehuremu inochengetwa inogona kuchengetedza huwandu hwakawanda hwemafuta kana kuwedzera mutoro wemutoro.” Zvinhu zvesimbi zvechinyakare zvatosvika pamiganhu yazvo maererano nekuderedza huremu, saka pfungwa dzemunhu wese dzave kutendeukira kuzvinhu zveceramic. Green silicon carbide reinforced ceramic matrix composites ndeimwe yemhando dzinovimbisa zvikuru. Zvinhu izvi zvinowanzova nehuremu hwemagiramu 3.0-3.2 chete pa cubic centimeter, iyo yakareruka zvakanyanya kupfuura simbi (7.8 magiramu pa cubic centimeter) uye inopawo mukana wakajeka pamusoro pe titanium alloys (4.5 magiramu pa cubic centimeter). Chinokosha ndechekuti inochengetedza simba rakakwana uku ichideredza huremu.
“Tiri kutsvaga mashandisirwo e green silicon carbide composites pakuisa injini,” akadaro mumwe mugadziri weinjini dzemuchadenga. “Dai takashandisa zvinhu zvechinyakare, chikamu ichi chaizorema makirogiramu mazana maviri, asi nezvinhu zvitsva zvinosanganisa, zvinogona kuderedzwa kusvika pamakirogiramu zana nemakumi matatu. Painjini yese, kudzikiswa uku kwe70 kg kwakakosha.” Zviri nani, mhedzisiro yekudzikiswa kwehuremu iri kudonha. Zvikamu zvakareruka zvechimiro zvinobvumira kudzikiswa kwehuremu kwakaenzana muzvimiro zvinotsigira, semhedzisiro yedomino. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti muzvitundumuseremusere, kudzikiswa kwe1-kilogiramu muhuremu hwezvikamu zvechimiro kunogona kutungamira mukuderedzwa kwe5-10 kilogiramu muhuremu hwesystem-level.
III. Kuramba Kupisa Kwakanyanya: "Stabilizer" muInjini
Kupisa kwekushanda kwemainjini emhepo kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera; mainjini epamusoro eturbofan ikozvino ane tembiricha yekupinda muturbine inodarika 1700°C. Patembiricha iyi, kunyange maalloy akawanda ekupisa kwepamusoro anotanga kutadza kushanda. "Zvikamu zvinopisa zveinjini parizvino zviri kusundira miganhu yekushanda kwezvinhu," akadaro mumwe wandaidzidza naye kubva kusangano rekutsvagisa. "Tinoda nekukurumidza zvinhu zvinogona kushanda zvakadzikama patembiricha dzakanyanya." Ma composites e silicon carbide egirini anogona kuita basa rakakosha munzvimbo iyi. Pure silicon carbide inogona kutsungirira tembiricha dziri pamusoro pe2500°C munzvimbo isina kusimba, kunyangwe mumhepo, oxidation inoderedza kushandiswa kwayo kusvika pa1600°C. Zvisinei, izvi zvichiri 300-400°C yakakwira kupfuura akawanda maalloy ekupisa kwepamusoro.
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti inochengetedza simba rayo guru pakupisa kwakanyanya. "Zvinhu zvesimbi 'zvinonyorovesa' pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichiratidza kudonha kukuru," akatsanangura kudaro mainjiniya anoedza zvinhu. "Asi zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesilicon carbide zvinogona kuchengetedza simba razvo rekupisa kwemukamuri rinodarika 70% pa1200°C, izvo zvakaoma kwazvo kuti zvinhu zvesimbi zvibudirire." Parizvino, mamwe masangano ekutsvagisa ari kuedza kushandisakabhidhi yegirini yesiliconmichina yekugadzira zvinhu zvisingatenderere zvakaita sema nozzle guide vanes uye combustion chamber liners. Kana mashandisirwo aya akaitwa zvinobudirira, simba remainjini uye kushanda zvakanaka kunotarisirwa kuwedzera. IV. Kutarisira Kupisa: Kuita Kuti Kupisa "Kuteerere"
Mota dzemuchadenga dzinotarisana nemamiriro ekunze anopisa zvakanyanya muchadenga: divi rinotarisana nezuva rinogona kudarika 100°C, nepo divi rine mumvuri rinogona kudonha kusvika pasi pe -100°C. Musiyano mukuru uyu wekupisa unoisa dambudziko guru pazvinhu nemidziyo. Green silicon carbide ine hunhu hunodiwa zvikuru—kupisa kwakanaka kwazvo. Kupisa kwayo kwakapetwa ka1.5-3 pane simbi dzakajairika uye kanopfuura ka10 pane zvinhu zveceramic zvakajairika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inogona kutamisa kupisa nekukurumidza kubva kunzvimbo dzinopisa kuenda kunzvimbo dzinotonhora, zvichideredza kupisa kwakanyanya munzvimbo. "Tiri kufunga nezvekushandisa green silicon carbide composites mumasisitimu ekudzora kupisa emasatellite," akadaro mugadziri wendege, "semuenzaniso, sechivharo chemapombi ekupisa kana sezvinhu zvinofambisa kupisa, kuti tembiricha yehurongwa hwese ive yakafanana."
Pamusoro pezvo, chiyero chayo chekuwedzera kupisa chidiki kwazvo, chingangoita 4×10⁻⁶/℃, chinova chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chealuminium alloy. Saizi yayo haichinje zvakanyanya nekuchinja kwekushisa, hunhu hunonyanya kukosha mumasystem ekuona emuchadenga uye masisitimu eantena anoda kurongeka kwakanyatsojeka. "Fungidzira," mugadziri akapa muenzaniso, "antenna hombe inoshanda muorbit, ine musiyano wekupisa wemazana emadhigirii Celsius pakati pemativi akatarisana nezuva nemumvuri. Kana zvinhu zvechinyakare zvikashandiswa, kuwedzera kwekupisa uye kudzika kwekupisa zvinogona kukonzera deformation yechimiro, zvichikanganisa kurongeka kwekunongedza. Kana zvinhu zve silicon carbide zvakasvibira zvishoma zvikashandiswa, dambudziko iri rinogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya."
V. Kuvenga uye Dziviriro: Zvinopfuura "Kungotsungirira"
Mota dzemudenga dzemazuva ano dzine kuda kukuru kwekushanda kwakavanzika. Kubata radar zvakanyanya kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekugadzira chimiro uye zvinhu zvinobata radar, uye silicon carbide yegirini inewo mukana wekudzora munzvimbo iyi. "Pure silicon carbide imhando ye semiconductor, uye hunhu hwayo hwemagetsi hunogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza nekushandisa doping," yakazivisa nyanzvi yezvinhu zvinoshanda. "Tinogona kugadzira zvinhu zvinobata silicon carbide zvine resistivity chaiyo kuti zvibate mafungu eradar mukati meimwe frequency range." Kunyangwe izvi zvichiri muchikamu chekutsvagisa, mamwe marabhoritari akatogadzira samples dzezvinhu zvinobata radar dzakagadzirwa nesilicon carbide dzine mashandiro akanaka ekubata radar muX-band (8-12 GHz).
Panyaya yekudzivirira nzvimbo, mukana wekuomarara kwekabhidhi yegirini yesiliconzvinoonekwawo. Kune huwandu hwakawanda hwema micrometeoroid nemarara emuchadenga muchadenga. Kunyangwe huremu hwechimwe nechimwe chiri hudiki kwazvo, kumhanya kwazvo kwakanyanya (kusvika kumakumi emakiromita pasekondi), zvichikonzera simba guru rekukanda. "Kuedza kwedu kunoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesilicon carbide zvine simba rakapetwa katatu kusvika kashanu rekukunda kukanda kwezvimedu zvinomhanya zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa nealuminium alloys yeukobvu hwakafanana," akadaro muongorori wekudzivirira muchadenga. "Kana zvikashandiswa muzvikamu zvekudzivirira zvenzvimbo dzemuchadenga kana nzvimbo dzakadzika mune ramangwana, zvinogona kuvandudza kuchengetedzeka zvakanyanya."
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwendege, neimwe nzira, inhoroondo yekufambira mberi kwezvinhu. Kubva pamatanda nekanvas kusvika kune alloys dzealuminium, uyezve kusvika kune alloys dzetitanium nezvinhu zvakasanganiswa, hunyanzvi hwese hwezvinhu hwakatungamira mukushanda kwendege. Pamwe upfu hwesilicon carbide yegirini nezvinhu zvayo zvakasanganiswa zvichave chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinotungamira kune danho rinotevera rekuenda mberi. Vaya masayendisiti ezvinhu vari kutsvagisa nekushingaira mumarabhoritari uye vari kuedza kugona mufekitori vanogona kunge vachichinja chinyararire ramangwana rematenga. Uye silicon carbide yegirini, iyi inoratidzika kunge yakajairika, inogona kunge iri "upfu hwemashiripiti" mumaoko avo, ichibatsira vanhu kubhururuka kumusoro, kure, uye kwakachengeteka.