Mazuva mashoma apfuura, ndaitaura neshamwari yangu tichinwa tii, uye akati achiseka, “Alumina yamuri kutsvaga nguva dzose, haisiyo chete zvinhu zvekugadzira makapu eceramic nesandpaper here?” Izvi zvakandisiya ndisina remuromo. Zvechokwadi, mumaziso evanhuwo zvavo,upfu hwealuminainongova chinhu chemuindasitiri, asi muchikamu chedu cheinjiniya yezvekurapa, ibasa rakavanzika re "kuita mabasa akawanda." Nhasi, ngatitaurei nezvekuti iyi poda chena inoita seisingawanzoitiki yakapinda sei chinyararire mumunda wesainzi yehupenyu.
I. Kutanga kubva kukiriniki yemapfupa
Chakanyanya kundifadza musangano wemapfupa wandakapinda gore rapera. Purofesa wekare akapa ruzivo rwemakore gumi nemashanu rwekutevera pamusoro pekuchinjana kwealumina ceramic joints—nehuwandu hwekupona hunopfuura 95%, izvo zvakashamisa vanachiremba vese vechidiki vaivapo. Sei tichifanira kusarudza alumina? Kune sainzi yakawanda shure kwayo. Chekutanga, kuoma kwayo kwakanyanya, uye kuramba kwayo kupfeka kwakasimba kupfuura zvinhu zvesimbi zvechinyakare. Majoini edu evanhu anotsungirira zviuru zvekukweshana zuva rega rega. Maprostheses echinyakare esimbi-pa-purasitiki achaita kuti marara apere nekufamba kwenguva, zvichikonzera kuzvimba uye kusveta mapfupa. Zvisinei, huwandu hwekupfekwa kwealumina ceramics ichikamu chimwe chete muzana chezvishandiso zvechinyakare, chinhu chinoshanduka mukurapa.
Zviri nani pane kubatana kwayo nemasero. Rabhoritari yedu yakaita bvunzo dzekuchengetedza masero uye yakawana kuti maosteoblasts anonamatira uye anopararira zviri nani pamusoro pealumina pane pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzesimbi. Izvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei, mukurapa, maprostheses ealumina akabatana zvakanyanya nemapfupa. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kwete chero chinhuupfu hwealuminainogona kushandiswa. Alumina yemhando yekurapa inoda kuchena kweinopfuura 99.9%, nehukuru hwezviyo zvekristaro huchidzorwa pachiyero che micron, uye inofanira kupfuudzwa nenzira yakakosha. Zvakafanana nekubika—munyu wenguva dzose nemunyu wegungwa zvinogona kuwedzera munyu wezvekudya, asi maresitorendi epamusoro-soro anosarudza munyu kubva kwawakabva.
II. "Muchengeti Asingaonekwe" muDentistry
Kana wakamboenda kukiriniki yemazino yemazuva ano, pamwe wakatosangana nealumina. Makorona mazhinji anozivikanwa e-all-ceramic anogadzirwa neupfu hwe-alumina ceramic. Makorona esimbi-ceramic echinyakare ane matambudziko maviri: chekutanga, simbi inokanganisa runako, uye gum line inowanzo shanduka kuita bhuruu; chechipiri, vamwe vanhu vane allergy kusimbi. Makorona eAlumina-ceramic anogadzirisa matambudziko aya. Kupenya kwayo kwakafanana zvikuru nemazino echisikigo, uye kugadziriswa kunoitika kwacho kwakasikwa zvekuti kunyange vanachiremba vemazino vanofanirwa kunyatsoongorora kuti vaone mutsauko. Nyanzvi yepamusoro yemazino yandinoziva yakashandisa fananidzo yakakodzera: "Upfu hweAlumina ceramic hwakafanana nemukanyiwa—hunogona kunyungudika uye hunogona kuumbwa kuita maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana; asi mushure mekutsva, hunova hwakaoma sedombo, hwakasimba zvakakwana kuti hutsemure walnuts (kunyange tisingakurudzire kuzviita chaizvo)." Chinonyanya kufarirwa mumakore achangopfuura makorona ealumina akadhindwa ne3D. Kuburikidza nedhijitari scanning nekugadzira, anodhindwa zvakananga achishandisa alumina slurry, zvichiita kuti awane kururama kwema micrometer makumi. Varwere vanogona kuuya mangwanani vobva vapfeka korona dzavo manheru—chimwe chinhu chisingafungidzike makore gumi apfuura.
III. "Kufamba Kwakarurama" muMaitiro Ekutumira Mishonga
Tsvagiridzo munyaya iyi inonakidza zvikuru. Nekuti upfu hwealumina hune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinoshanda pamusoro payo, hunogona kunyudza mamorekuru emishonga akaita semagineti uye hwozoaburitsa zvishoma nezvishoma. Chikwata chedu chakaita bvunzo chichishandisa ma microspheres ane maburi ane mishonga yekurwisa kenza. Kuwanda kwemishonga panzvimbo yebundu kwaive kwakapetwa katatu kusvika kashanu pane nzira dzechinyakare dzekupa mishonga, nepo mhedzisiro yesystemic yakaderera zvakanyanya. Nheyo yacho haina kuoma kunzwisisa: nekugadziraupfu hwealuminaKana ikaiswa muzvikamu zvidiki kana zvidiki uye ikachinja pamusoro, inogona kubatanidzwa nemamorekuru anotarisa, sekupa mushonga "GPS navigation" system kuti iende zvakananga kuchironda. Uyezve, alumina inozopedzisira yaora kuita maayoni ealuminium mumuviri, ayo anogona kugadziriswa nemuviri pamatanho akajairwa uye haazounganidzi kwenguva refu. Mumwe waanoshanda naye anodzidza kurapwa kwakanangana nekenza yechiropa akandiudza kuti vakashandisa nanoparticles dzealumina kupa mishonga yechemotherapy, zvichiwedzera mwero wekudzivirira bundu ne40% mumuenzaniso wembeva. "Chinokosha ndechekudzora saizi yezvikamu; 100-200 nanometers ndiyo yakanaka—diki kwazvo uye dzinobviswa nyore nyore neitsvo, dzakakura zvakanyanya uye hadzigone kupinda munyama yebundu." Rudzi urwu rweruzivo ndirwo musimboti wekutsvagisa.
IV. "Zviongorori Zvinonzwisisika" muBiosensors
Alumina iri kuitawo basa guru mukuongorora chirwere pakutanga. Pamusoro payo panogona kuchinjwa nyore nyore ne biomolecules dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai se antibodies, enzymes, uye DNA probes, kugadzira biosensors dzinonzwa zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, mamwe ma blood glucose meter anoshandisa alumina-based sensor chips. Glucose muropa inopindirana nema enzymes ari pa chip kuti ibudise chiratidzo chemagetsi, uye alumina layer inowedzera chiratidzo ichi, zvichiita kuti kuongororwa kuve kwakarurama. Nzira dzechinyakare dze test strip dzinogona kunge dziine 15% error rate, nepo alumina sensors dzichigona kuchengetedza kukanganisa mukati me5%, musiyano mukuru kune varwere vane chirwere cheshuga. Mamwe masensa anoona kenza biomarkers ari nani. Gore rapfuura, chinyorwa mujenari *Biomaterials* chakaratidza kuti kushandisa alumina nanowire arrays kuona prostate-specific antigen kwakaita kuti pave nekunzwa kwakakwira kupfuura nzira dzechinyakare, zvichireva kuti zvinogona kuitika kuona zviratidzo zvekenza pachidanho chekutanga.
V. "Rutsigiro rweScaffolding" muTissue Engineering
Kugadzira matishu inyaya inonyanya kutaurwa mu biomedicine. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zvinosanganisira kurima tishu mhenyu mu vitro wozoiisa mumuviri. Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru inyaya ye scaffold - inofanira kutsigira masero pasina kukonzera migumisiro ine chepfu. Ma scaffold e alumina ane maburi akawana nzvimbo yawo pano. Nekudzora mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinokwanisika kugadzira zvimiro zvakaita se alumina sponge zvine maburi anodarika 80%, nehukuru hwemaburi hwakakodzera kuti masero akure, zvichibvumira zvinovaka muviri kuti zvifambe zvakasununguka. Rabhoritari yedu yakaedza kushandisa scaffold dze alumina kurima tishu dzemapfupa, uye mhedzisiro yacho yaive yakanaka zvisingatarisirwi. Ma osteoblast haana kungopona zvakanaka chete asiwo akaburitsa mamwe matrix emapfupa. Ongororo yakaratidza kuti kuomarara kudiki kwenzvimbo ye alumina kwakakurudzira kushanda kwemasero, izvo zvakashamisa.
VI. Matambudziko neTarisiro
Ehe, kushandiswa kwealuminaMukurapa mune matambudziko. Chekutanga, pane dambudziko remutengo; maitiro ekugadzirira alumina yemhando yekurapa akaomarara, zvichiita kuti idhure zvakapetwa kakawanda kupfuura alumina yemhando yeindasitiri. Chechipiri, data rekuchengetedza kwenguva refu richiri kuunganidzwa. Kunyangwe maonero aripo parizvino aine tariro, kuoma kwesainzi kunoda kutariswa nguva dzose. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro ye nano-alumina yehupenyu inoda kutsvagurudzwa kwakadzama. Zvinhu zveNanomaterials zvine hunhu hwakasiyana, uye kana izvi zvichibatsira kana kukuvadza zvinoenderana nedata rekuyedza rakasimba. Zvisinei, tarisiro yacho yakajeka. Mamwe mapoka ari kutsvaga zvinhu zvealumina zvine hungwaru - semuenzaniso, zvinhu zvinotakura zvinoburitsa mishonga chete pa pH chaiyo kana pasi pesimba rema enzymes, kana zvinhu zvekugadzirisa mapfupa zvinoburitsa zvinhu zvinokura mukupindura kuchinja kwekushushikana. Kubudirira munzvimbo idzi kuchachinja nzira dzekurapa.
Mushure mekunzwa zvese izvi, shamwari yangu yakati, “Handina kumbobvira ndafungidzira kuti paive nezvakawanda zvakadaro muupfu huchena uhwu.” Zvechokwadi, runako rwesainzi runowanzovanzwa mune zvakajairika. Rwendo rweupfu hwealumina kubva kumaworkshop emaindasitiri kuenda kumakamuri ekuvhiya nemarabhoritari runoratidza zvakakwana runako rwekutsvagisa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Masayendisiti ezvekushandisa, vanachiremba, nenyanzvi dzezvipenyu vari kushanda pamwe chete kuti vape hupenyu hutsva muzvinhu zvechinyakare. Kushandira pamwe uku kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ndiko chaiko kunosimudzira kufambira mberi mukurapa kwemazuva ano.
Saka nguva inotevera paunoonaaruminiyamu oxide Chigadzirwa, funga izvi: chingasave ndiro yeceramic kana vhiri rekukuya chete; chingave chiri kuvandudza hutano hwevanhu nehupenyu hwavo chinyararire mune imwe nzira, murabhoritari kana chipatara kune imwe nzvimbo. Kufambira mberi mune zvehutano kunowanzoitika nenzira iyi: kwete kuburikidza nekubudirira kukuru, asi kazhinji kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakaita sealuminium oxide, kuwana zvishoma nezvishoma mashandisirwo matsva uye kugadzirisa matambudziko anoshanda chinyararire. Chatinofanira kuita ndechekuramba tichida kuziva uye pfungwa dzakavhurika, uye kuwana mikana inoshamisa mune zvakajairika.